Sunday, 29 April 2012

Zyrtec-D


Generic Name: cetirizine and pseudoephedrine (Oral route)


se-TIR-i-zeen hye-droe-KLOR-ide, soo-doe-e-FED-rin hye-droe-KLOR-ide


Commonly used brand name(s)

In the U.S.


  • Zyrtec-D

Available Dosage Forms:


  • Tablet, Extended Release

Therapeutic Class: Antihistamine/Decongestant Combination


Pharmacologic Class: Cetirizine


Chemical Class: Cetirizine


Uses For Zyrtec-D


Cetirizine and pseudoephedrine is a combination of an antihistamine and a decongestant used to treat the symptoms of seasonal or yearly allergies. Antihistamines work by preventing the effects of a substance called histamine, which is produced by the body. Histamine can cause itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. Decongestants produce a narrowing of blood vessels. This leads to clearing of nasal congestion, but it may also cause an increase in blood pressure in patients who have high blood pressure.


This medicine is available without a prescription.


Do not give any over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medicine to a baby or child under 4 years of age. Using these medicines in very young children might cause serious or possibly life-threatening side effects .


Before Using Zyrtec-D


In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:


Allergies


Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.


Pediatric


Use is not recommended in infants and children up to 12 years of age. In children 12 years of age and older, this medicine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems than it does in adults.


Do not give any over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medicine to a baby or child under 4 years of age. Using these medicines in very young children might cause serious or possibly life-threatening side effects .


Geriatric


Many medicines have not been studied specifically in older people. Therefore, it may not be known whether they work exactly the same way they do in younger adults or if they cause different side effects or problems in older people. There is no specific information comparing use of cetirizine and pseudoephedrine in the elderly with use in other age groups.


Pregnancy








Pregnancy CategoryExplanation
All TrimestersCAnimal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.

Breast Feeding


There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.


Interactions with Medicines


Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.


Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.


  • Clorgyline

  • Dihydroergotamine

  • Furazolidone

  • Iproniazid

  • Isocarboxazid

  • Linezolid

  • Moclobemide

  • Nialamide

  • Pargyline

  • Phenelzine

  • Procarbazine

  • Rasagiline

  • Selegiline

  • Toloxatone

  • Tranylcypromine

Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.


  • Guanethidine

  • Methyldopa

  • Midodrine

Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol


Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.


Other Medical Problems


The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:


  • Kidney disease—Removal of cetirizine and pseudoephedrine from the body may be reduced

  • For cetirizine

  • Liver disease—May be worsened by cetirizine

  • For pseudoephedrine

  • Diabetes or

  • Heart disease or

  • High blood pressure or

  • Inner eye pressure or

  • Narrow-angle glaucoma or

  • Urination difficulties or

  • Prostate, enlarged or

  • Thyroid problems—May be worsened by pseudoephedrine

Proper Use of Zyrtec-D


Dosing


The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.


The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.


Swallow the extended-release tablet whole. Do not crush, break, or chew before swallowing.


  • For oral dosage form (extended release tablets):
    • For relief of symptoms from seasonal or yearly allergies:
      • Adults and children 12 years of age and older—Take one tablet two times a day with or without food.

      • Children 4 to 12 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.

      • Children and infants up to 4 years of age—Use is not recommended .



Missed Dose


If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.


Storage


Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.


Keep out of the reach of children.


Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.


Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.


Precautions While Using Zyrtec-D


The antihistamine in this medicine will add to the effects of alcohol and other CNS depressants including tricyclic antidepressants (medicines that slow down the nervous system, possibly causing drowsiness). Some examples of CNS depressants are other antihistamines or medicine for hay fever, other allergies, or colds; sedatives, tranquilizers, or sleeping medicine; prescription pain medicine or narcotics; barbiturates; medicine for seizures; muscle relaxants; or anesthetics, including some dental anesthetics. Examples of Tricyclic antidepressants are amitriptyline [e.g. Elavil], amoxapine [e.g. Asendin], clomipramine [e.g. Anafranil], desipramine [e.g. Pertofrane], doxepine [e.g. Sinequan], imipramine [e.g. Tofranil], nortriptyline [e.g. Aventyl], protriptyline [Vivactil], trimipramine [e.g. Surmontil]. Check with your doctor before taking any of the above while you are taking this medicine.


The antihistamine in this medicine may cause some people to become drowsy, dizzy, or less alert than they are normally. Make sure you know how you react to this medicine before you drive, use machines, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are dizzy or are not alert.


Antihistamines may cause dryness of the mouth, nose, and throat. For temporary relief, use sugarless candy or gum, melt bits of ice in your mouth, or use a saliva substitute. However, if your mouth continues to feel dry for more than 2 weeks, check with your dentist. Continuing dryness of the mouth may increase the chance of dental disease, including tooth decay, gum disease, and fungus infections.


The decongestant in this medicine may cause some people to be nervous or restless or to have trouble in sleeping. If you have trouble in sleeping, take the last dose of this medicine for each day a few hours before bedtime. If you have any questions about this, check with your doctor.


Zyrtec-D Side Effects


Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.


Get emergency help immediately if any of the following symptoms of overdose occur:


Symptoms of Overdose
  • Changes in mood, irrational behavior, depersonalization hallucinations

  • convulsions (seizures)

  • extreme sleepiness or unusual drowsiness

  • fast, slow, pounding, or irregular heartbeat or pulse

  • feeling anxious

  • giddiness

  • headache

  • irritability

  • muscle weakness or tenderness

  • nausea

  • restlessness

  • shallow, irregular, fast, or slow breathing

  • sleeplessness or trouble in sleeping

  • abdominal and/or chest pain

  • thirst

Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur:


Rare
  • Breathing, troubled

  • back, leg, or stomach pain

  • blurred vision

  • bloody, cloudy, or dark urine, sudden decrease in amount of urine

  • black, tarry stools, diarrhea, light-colored stools

  • confusion

  • dizziness, feeling faint, or lightheaded

  • fever or chills

  • increased blood pressure

  • rapid weight gain

  • skin rash or hives

  • swelling of face, mouth, throat, fingers, glands, feet, and/or lower legs

  • stillbirth

  • twitching, twisting, or uncontrolled repetitive movements of the face

  • sudden sweating

  • vomiting blood, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, unusual bleeding or bruising

  • pale or yellow eyes or skin

  • unusual tiredness or weakness

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:


More Common
  • Sleepiness or unusual drowsiness, extreme tiredness

Less common
  • Dry mouth

  • weakness

Rare
  • Dizziness

  • sore throat

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.


Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

See also: Zyrtec-D side effects (in more detail)



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More Zyrtec-D resources


  • Zyrtec-D Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Zyrtec-D Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Drug Images
  • Zyrtec-D Drug Interactions
  • Zyrtec-D Support Group
  • 2 Reviews for Zyrtec-D - Add your own review/rating


  • Zyrtec-D Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)



Compare Zyrtec-D with other medications


  • Hay Fever

Wednesday, 25 April 2012

Medi-Tabs


Generic Name: acetaminophen (oral) (a SEET a MIN oh fen)

Brand Names: Acetaminophen Quickmelt, Actamin, Adprin B, Anacin AF, Apra, Bromo Seltzer, Children's Tylenol, Children's Tylenol Meltaway, Ed-APAP, Elixsure Fever/Pain, Genebs, Infants Tylenol Concentrated Drops, Leader 8 Hour Pain Reliever, Little Fevers, Little Fevers Children's Fever/Pain Reliever, Mapap, Mapap Arthritis Pain, Mapap Extra Strength Rapid Burst, Mapap Infant Drops, Mapap Infants', Mapap Meltaway, Mapap Rapid Release Gelcaps, Mapap Rapid Tabs, Medi-Tabs, Q-Pap, Q-Pap Extra Strength, Silapap Childrens, Silapap Infants, St. Joseph Aspirin-Free, Tactinal, Tempra, Tempra Quicklets, Triaminic Fever & Pain, Triaminic Infant Drops, Tycolene, Tylenol, Tylenol Arthritis Caplet, Tylenol Arthritis Gelcap, Tylenol Caplet, Tylenol Caplet Extra Strength, Tylenol Childrens, Tylenol Cool Caplet Extra Strength, Tylenol Extra Strength, Tylenol Extra Strength Cool Caplet, Tylenol Extra Strength EZ, Tylenol Gelcap Extra Strength, Tylenol Geltab Extra Strength, Tylenol Infant's Drops, Tylenol Junior Meltaway, Tylenol Rapid Release Gelcap, Tylenol Sore Throat Daytime, Vitapap


What is acetaminophen?

There are many brands and forms of acetaminophen available and not all brands are listed on this leaflet.


Acetaminophen is a pain reliever and a fever reducer.


Acetaminophen is used to treat many conditions such as headache, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches, colds, and fevers.


Acetaminophen may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about acetaminophen?


There are many brands and forms of acetaminophen available and not all brands are listed on this leaflet.


Do not take more of this medication than is recommended. An overdose of acetaminophen can damage your liver or cause death.

Know the amount of acetaminophen in the specific product you are taking.


Do not take this medication without a doctor's advice if you have ever had alcoholic liver disease (cirrhosis) or if you drink more than 3 alcoholic beverages per day. You may not be able to take acetaminophen. Avoid drinking alcohol. It may increase your risk of liver damage while taking acetaminophen.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to take this medicine if you have liver disease or a history of alcoholism.


Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any other cold, allergy, pain, or sleep medication. Acetaminophen (sometimes abbreviated as APAP) is contained in many combination medicines. Taking certain products together can cause you to get too much acetaminophen which can lead to a fatal overdose. Check the label to see if a medicine contains acetaminophen or APAP.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking acetaminophen?


You should not take acetaminophen if you are allergic to it.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to take acetaminophen if you have:


  • liver disease; or


  • a history of alcoholism.




Do not take this medication without a doctor's advice if you have ever had alcoholic liver disease (cirrhosis) or if you drink more than 3 alcoholic beverages per day. You may not be able to take acetaminophen. It is not known whether acetaminophen will harm an unborn baby. Before taking acetaminophen, tell your doctor if you are pregnant. Acetaminophen can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Do not give the medication to a child younger than 2 years old without the advice of a doctor.

How should I take acetaminophen?


Take exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.


Do not take more of this medication than is recommended. An overdose of acetaminophen can damage your liver or cause death.

Measure liquid medicine with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup, not with a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.


If you are treating a child, use a pediatric form of acetaminophen. Use only the special dose-measuring dropper or oral syringe that comes with the specific pediatric form you are using. Carefully follow the dosing directions on the medicine label. Acetaminophen made for infants is available in two different dose concentrations, and each concentration comes with its own medicine dropper or oral syringe. These dosing devices are not equal between the different concentrations. Using the wrong device may cause you to give your child an overdose of acetaminophen. Never mix and match dosing devices between infant formulations of acetaminophen. You may need to shake the liquid before each use. Follow the directions on the medicine label.

The chewable tablet must be chewed thoroughly before you swallow it.


Make sure your hands are dry when handling the acetaminophen disintegrating tablet. Place the tablet on your tongue. It will begin to dissolve right away. Do not swallow the tablet whole. Allow it to dissolve in your mouth without chewing.


To use the acetaminophen effervescent granules, dissolve one packet of the granules in at least 4 ounces of water. Stir this mixture and drink all of it right away. To make sure you get the entire dose, add a little more water to the same glass, swirl gently and drink right away.


Stop taking acetaminophen and call your doctor if:

  • you still have a fever after 3 days of use;




  • you still have pain after 7 days of use (or 5 days if treating a child);




  • you have a skin rash, ongoing headache, or any redness or swelling; or




  • if your symptoms get worse, or if you have any new symptoms.



This medication can cause unusual results with certain lab tests for glucose (sugar) in the urine. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using acetaminophen.


Store at room temperature away from heat and moisture.

What happens if I miss a dose?


Since acetaminophen is taken as needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. If you are taking the medication regularly, take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of acetaminophen can be fatal.

The first signs of an acetaminophen overdose include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, sweating, and confusion or weakness. Later symptoms may include pain in your upper stomach, dark urine, and yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes.


What should I avoid while taking acetaminophen?


Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any other cold, allergy, pain, or sleep medication. Acetaminophen (sometimes abbreviated as APAP) is contained in many combination medicines. Taking certain products together can cause you to get too much acetaminophen which can lead to a fatal overdose. Check the label to see if a medicine contains acetaminophen or APAP. Avoid drinking alcohol. It may increase your risk of liver damage while taking acetaminophen.

Acetaminophen side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop taking this medication and call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:

  • nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, loss of appetite;




  • dark urine, clay-colored stools; or




  • jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


What other drugs will affect acetaminophen?


Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use acetaminophen if you are also using any of the following drugs:



  • an antibiotic, antifungal medicine, sulfa drug, or tuberculosis medicine;




  • birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy;




  • blood pressure medication;




  • cancer medications;




  • cholesterol-lowering medications such as Lipitor, Niaspan, Zocor, Vytorin, and others;




  • gout or arthritis medications (including gold injections);




  • HIV/AIDS medications;




  • medicines to treat psychiatric disorders;




  • an NSAID such as Advil, Aleve, Arthrotec, Cataflam, Celebrex, Indocin, Motrin, Naprosyn, Treximet, Voltaren, others; or




  • seizure medications.



This list is not complete and there may be other drugs that can interact with acetaminophen. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.



More Medi-Tabs resources


  • Medi-Tabs Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Medi-Tabs Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Medi-Tabs Drug Interactions
  • Medi-Tabs Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Medi-Tabs - Add your own review/rating


  • acetaminophen Intravenous Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Acetaminophen MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Acetaminophen Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Acetazolamide Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Apra Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Apraclonidine Hydrochloride Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Genapap Chewable Tablets MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Mapap Suppositories MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Ofirmev Consumer Overview

  • Ofirmev Injection MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Ofirmev Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Paracetamol Consumer Overview

  • Tempra 1 Drops MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Tylenol Consumer Overview

  • Tylenol MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)



Compare Medi-Tabs with other medications


  • Fever
  • Muscle Pain
  • Pain
  • Sciatica


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about acetaminophen.

See also: Medi-Tabs side effects (in more detail)


Sunday, 22 April 2012

ziprasidone


Generic Name: ziprasidone (zi PRAY si done)

Brand Names: Geodon


What is ziprasidone?

Ziprasidone is an antipsychotic medication. It works by changing the effects of chemicals in the brain.


Ziprasidone is used to treat schizophrenia and the manic symptoms of bipolar disorder (manic depression) in adults and children who are at least 10 years old.


Ziprasidone may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about ziprasidone?


Ziprasidone is not for use in psychotic conditions related to dementia. Ziprasidone may cause heart failure, sudden death, or pneumonia in older adults with dementia-related conditions. Do not use this medication if you have a personal or family history of "Long QT syndrome," if you have recently had a heart attack, or if you have uncontrolled heart failure.

Stop taking ziprasidone and call your doctor right away if you feel dizzy or light-headed, have a fast or pounding heartbeat, or if you faint. This could be signs of a serious heart rhythm problem.


There are many other medicines that can cause serious or life-threatening medical problems if you take them together with ziprasidone. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor. Keep a list of all your medicines and show it to any healthcare provider who treats you.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking ziprasidone?


Ziprasidone is not for use in psychotic conditions related to dementia. Ziprasidone may cause heart failure, sudden death, or pneumonia in older adults with dementia-related conditions. Do not use this medication if you are allergic to ziprasidone, or if you have:

  • a personal or family history of "Long QT syndrome";




  • history of recent heart attack; or




  • uncontrolled or untreated heart failure.



Ziprasidone should never be taken together with any of the following drugs, or a life-threatening heart rhythm disorder could occur:



  • arsenic trioxide (Trisenox);




  • droperidol (Inapsine);




  • halofantrine (Halfan);




  • tacrolimus (Prograf);




  • antibiotics such as clarithromycin (Biaxin), erythromycin (E.E.S., EryPed, Ery-Tab, Erythrocin, Pediazole), levofloxacin (Levaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), or pentamidine (NebuPent, Pentam);




  • anti-malaria medications such as chloroquine (Arelan), or mefloquine (Lariam);




  • heart rhythm medicine such as amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone), dofetilide (Tikosyn), disopyramide (Norpace), ibutilide (Corvert), procainamide (Pronestyl), propafenone (Rythmol), quinidine (Quin-G), or sotalol (Betapace);




  • medicine to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting, such as dolasetron (Anzemet) or ondansetron (Zofran);




  • medicines to treat psychiatric disorders, such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), clozapine (FazaClo, Clozaril), haloperidol (Haldol), pimozide (Orap), or thioridazine (Mellaril);




  • migraine headache medicine such as sumatriptan (Imitrex, Treximet) or zolmitriptan (Zomig); or




  • narcotic medication such as methadone (Methadose, Diskets, Dolophine).



To make sure you can safely take ziprasidone, tell your doctor if you have any of these other conditions:



  • a heart rhythm disorder;




  • a history of heart attack or stroke;




  • a history of bone marrow or blood cell disorder;




  • low blood levels of potassium or magnesium;




  • diabetes (ziprasidone may raise your blood sugar);




  • seizures or epilepsy;




  • a history of suicidal thoughts;




  • Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's;




  • trouble swallowing;



  • liver disease; or


  • kidney disease.



Ziprasidone may cause you to have high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Talk to your doctor if you have any signs of hyperglycemia such as increased thirst or urination, excessive hunger, or weakness. If you are diabetic, check your blood sugar levels on a regular basis while you are taking ziprasidone.


The ziprasidone orally disintegrating tablet may contain phenylalanine. Talk to your doctor before using this form of ziprasidone if you have phenylketonuria (PKU).


FDA pregnancy category C. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. Taking antipsychotic medication during the last 3 months of pregnancy may cause problems in the newborn, such as withdrawal symptoms, breathing problems, feeding problems, fussiness, tremors, and limp or stiff muscles. However, you may have withdrawal symptoms or other problems if you stop taking your medicine during pregnancy. If you become pregnant while taking ziprasidone, do not stop taking it without your doctor's advice. It is not known whether ziprasidone passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Older adults may be more likely to have side effects from this medicine.

How should I take ziprasidone?


Take exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.


This medication comes with patient instructions for safe and effective use. Follow these directions carefully. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.


To be sure this medication is not causing harmful effects, your blood may need to be tested often. Your kidney or liver function may also need to be tested. Visit your doctor regularly.


Take this medicine with food.

Use ziprasidone regularly to get the most benefit. Get your prescription refilled before you run out of medicine completely.


It may take several weeks before your symptoms improve. Keep using the medication as directed and tell your doctor if your symptoms do not improve. Store at room temperature away from moisture, light, and heat.

See also: Ziprasidone dosage (in more detail)

What happens if I miss a dose?


Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

Overdose symptoms may include drowsiness, problems with speech, dizziness, feeling light-headed, fainting, fast or pounding heartbeat, or restless muscle movements in your eyes, tongue, jaw, or neck.


What should I avoid while taking ziprasidone?


While you are taking ziprasidone, you may be more sensitive to temperature extremes such as very hot or cold conditions. Avoid getting too cold, or becoming overheated or dehydrated. Drink plenty of fluids, especially in hot weather and during exercise. It is easier to become dangerously overheated and dehydrated while you are taking ziprasidone. Ziprasidone may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert. Avoid drinking alcohol. It can increase some of the side effects of ziprasidone.

Ziprasidone side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop taking ziprasidone and call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:

  • dizziness, feeling light-headed, fainting, fast or pounding heartbeat;




  • fever, stiff muscles, confusion, sweating, fast or uneven heartbeats;




  • fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms;




  • white patches or sores inside your mouth or on your lips;




  • tremor (uncontrolled shaking), restless muscle movements in your eyes, tongue, jaw, or neck;




  • agitation, hostility, confusion;




  • increased thirst or urination, weakness, extreme hunger; or




  • penis erection that is painful or lasts 4 hours or longer.



Less serious side effects may include:



  • mild skin rash;




  • anxiety, headache, depressed mood;




  • dizziness, drowsiness;




  • muscle pain or twitching;




  • nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite;




  • runny or stuffy nose, cough, sore throat; or




  • weight gain.



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


Ziprasidone Dosing Information


Usual Adult Dose for Schizophrenia:

Injection:
10 mg IM every 2 hours or 20 mg every 4 hours as needed
Maximum dose: 40 mg per day
There are no data on the IM administration of ziprasidone for greater than 3 consecutive days.

Oral:
Initial dose: 20 mg twice a day with food. If clinically necessary, initial dosage may be adjusted at intervals of not less than 2 days up to 80 mg twice a day.
Maximum dose: 100 mg twice a day

One study has reported that oral ziprasidone should be taken with food and that a meal equal to or greater than 500 kcal, irrespective of fat content, is required for optimal and reproducible bioavailability of the administered dose.

Usual Adult Dose for Autism:

Injection:
10 mg IM every 2 hours or 20 mg every 4 hours as needed
Maximum dose: 40 mg per day
There are no data on the IM administration of ziprasidone for greater than 3 consecutive days.

Oral:
Initial dose: 20 mg twice a day with food. If clinically necessary, initial dosage may be adjusted at intervals of not less than 2 days up to 80 mg twice a day.
Maximum dose: 100 mg twice a day

One study has reported that oral ziprasidone should be taken with food and that a meal equal to or greater than 500 kcal, irrespective of fat content, is required for optimal and reproducible bioavailability of the administered dose.

Usual Adult Dose for Bipolar Disorder:

Oral:
Acute Treatment of Manic or Mixed Episodes:
Initial dose: 40 mg twice a day with food. The dose should then be increased to 60 mg or 80 mg twice a day on the second day of treatment. The dose should then be adjusted on the basis of toleration and efficacy within the 40 mg to 80 mg twice a day range.

Maintenance Treatment (as an adjunct to lithium or valproate):
Continue treatment at the same dose on which the patient was initially stabilized, within the range of 40 mg to 80 mg twice daily with food. Patients should be periodically reassessed to determine the need for maintenance treatment.

One study has reported that oral ziprasidone should be taken with food and that a meal equal to or greater than 500 kcal, irrespective of fat content, is required for optimal and reproducible bioavailability of the administered dose.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Tourette's Syndrome:

Not FDA approved:
Tourette's syndrome: 5 to 40 mg orally per day

Usual Pediatric Dose for Bipolar Disorder:

Not FDA Approved:
Note: In June 2009, an FDA advisory panel advised that ziprasidone is effective in patients 10 to 17 years of age for the treatment of mixed and manic episodes of bipolar disorder, but did not conclude that it was safe due to large number of subjects lost to follow-up and ambiguity within QTc prolongation data; limited data available.

Children and Adolescents 10 to 17 years:
Initial dose: 20 mg/day; titrate dose upwards as tolerated, using twice daily dosing over a 2 week period to the weight-based target range: 60 to 80 mg/day (45 kg or less) divided into twice daily doses or 120 to 160 mg/day (greater than 45 kg) divided into twice daily doses.
Alternate dosing: An open-label, 8 week study of 21 patients [6 to 17 years (mean: 10.3 years)] with bipolar disorder and comorbid conditions (ADHD, depression, conduct disorder) used the following weight-based dosing regimen:
Initial dose: 1 mg/kg/day divided twice daily; increase to 1.5 mg/kg/day divided twice daily by Week 2 and increase to 2 mg/kg/day divided twice daily by Week 3 if tolerated; maximum dose: 160 mg/day; Note: Only 14 of the 21 patients completed the study; five dropped out due to lack of efficacy; two dropped out due to adverse reactions; patients experienced a high incidence of sedation (46%) and headaches (38%).

Usual Pediatric Dose for Autism:

Not FDA Approved:
Autism and PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified) irritability: Children and Adolescents 8 to 20 years: Limited data available; dose not established. Reported final dose range: 20 to 160 mg/day divided twice daily
A prospective, open-labeled study of 12 patients (12 to 18 years) used the following individually titrated doses:
Patient weight 35 kg or less: Initial: 20 mg every other day given at bedtime for 2 doses; then increase dose in weekly increments based on clinical response and tolerability: Week 1: 10 mg twice daily (20 mg/day); Week 2: 20 mg twice daily (40 mg/day); Week 3: 40 mg twice daily (80 mg/day); Week 4: 80 mg twice daily (160 mg/day)
Patient weight greater than 35 kg: Initial: 20 mg/day at bedtime for 3 doses; then increase dose in weekly increments based on clinical response and tolerability: Week 1: 20 mg twice daily (40 mg/day); Week 2: 40 mg twice daily (80 mg/day); Week 4: 80 mg twice daily (160 mg/day)
A case series of 12 patients (8 to 20 years) initiated with 20 mg/day given at bedtime and then increased by 10 to 20 mg/week divided twice daily based on clinical response and tolerability; final ziprasidone dosage ranged between 20 to 120 mg/day (mean: 60 mg/day) divided twice daily.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Schizophrenia:

Not FDA Approved:
Acute agitation (schizophrenia): Children and Adolescents: Limited information available; dose not established
5 to 11 years: 10 mg intramuscularly once.
12 years or older : 10 to 20 mg intramuscularly once. Note: One study (n=59; age range: 5 to 19 years) reported that 69% of 20 mg doses surpassed the desired calming therapeutic effect and caused varying degrees of sedation (4% of patients were unable to be aroused).


What other drugs will affect ziprasidone?


Before taking ziprasidone, tell your doctor if you regularly use any other medicines that make you sleepy (such as cold or allergy medicine, narcotic pain medicine, sleeping pills, muscle relaxers, and medicine for seizures, depression, or anxiety). They can add to sleepiness caused by ziprasidone.

Tell your doctor about all other medications you are using, especially:



  • a diuretic (water pill), blood pressure medicine, or heart rhythm medicine;




  • carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol);




  • cisapride (Propulsid);




  • haloperidol (Haldol);




  • narcotic pain medication; or




  • medicines used to treat Parkinson's Disease such as levodopa (Dopar, Larodopa, Sinemet, Atamet, others).




This list is not complete and there are many other medicines that can cause serious or life-threatening medical problems if you take them together with ziprasidone. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor. Keep a list of all your medicines and show it to any healthcare provider who treats you.

More ziprasidone resources


  • Ziprasidone Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Ziprasidone Dosage
  • Ziprasidone Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Ziprasidone Drug Interactions
  • Ziprasidone Support Group
  • 86 Reviews for Ziprasidone - Add your own review/rating


  • ziprasidone Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Ziprasidone Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Ziprasidone MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Ziprasidone Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Geodon Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Geodon Consumer Overview



Compare ziprasidone with other medications


  • Autism
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • Body Dysmorphic Disorder
  • Paranoid Disorder
  • Schizoaffective Disorder
  • Schizophrenia
  • Tourette's Syndrome


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about ziprasidone.

See also: ziprasidone side effects (in more detail)


Friday, 20 April 2012

Glynase



glyburide

Dosage Form: tablet
Glynase® PresTab®

micronized glyburide tablets

1.5, 3, and 6 mg

For Oral Use



Glynase Description


Glynase PresTab Tablets contain micronized (smaller particle size) glyburide, which is an oral blood-glucose-lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class. Glyburide is a white, crystalline compound, formulated as Glynase PresTab Tablets of 1.5, 3, and 6 mg strengths for oral administration. Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, lactose, magnesium stearate. In addition, the 3 mg strength contains FD&C Blue No. 1 Aluminum Lake, and the 6 mg tablet contains D&C Yellow No. 10 Aluminum Lake. The chemical name for glyburide is 1-[[p-[2-(5-chloro-o-anisamido)ethyl]phenyl]-sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexylurea and the molecular weight is 493.99. The structural formula is represented below:




Glynase - Clinical Pharmacology



Actions


Glyburide appears to lower the blood glucose acutely by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas, an effect dependent upon functioning beta cells in the pancreatic islets. The mechanism by which glyburide lowers blood glucose during long-term administration has not been clearly established. With chronic administration in Type II diabetic patients, the blood glucose lowering effect persists despite a gradual decline in the insulin secretory response to the drug. Extrapancreatic effects may be involved in the mechanism of action of oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs. The combination of glyburide and metformin may have a synergistic effect, since both agents act to improve glucose tolerance by different but complementary mechanisms.


Some patients who are initially responsive to oral hypoglycemic drugs, including glyburide, may become unresponsive or poorly responsive over time. Alternatively, glyburide may be effective in some patients who have become unresponsive to one or more other sulfonylurea drugs.


In addition to its blood glucose lowering actions, glyburide produces a mild diuresis by enhancement of renal free water clearance. Disulfiram-like reactions have very rarely been reported in patients treated with glyburide.



Pharmacokinetics


Single dose studies with Glynase PresTab Tablets in normal subjects demonstrate significant absorption of glyburide within one hour, peak drug levels at about two to three hours, and low but detectable levels at twenty-four hours.


Bioavailability studies have demonstrated that Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg provide serum glyburide concentrations that are not bioequivalent to those from MICRONASE® Tablets 5 mg. Therefore, the patient should be retitrated.


In a single-dose bioavailability study (see Figure A) in which subjects received Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg and MICRONASE Tablets 5 mg with breakfast, the peak of the mean serum glyburide concentration-time curve was 97.2 ng/mL for Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg and 87.5 ng/mL for MICRONASE Tablets 5 mg. The mean of the individual maximum serum concentration values of glyburide (Cmax) from Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg was 106 ng/mL and that from MICRONASE Tablets 5 mg was 104 ng/mL. The mean glyburide area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) for this study was 568 ng × hr/mL for Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg and 746 ng × hr/mL for MICRONASE Tablets 5 mg.



Mean serum levels of glyburide, as reflected by areas under the serum concentration-time curve, increase in proportion to corresponding increases in dose. Multiple dose studies with glyburide in diabetic patients demonstrate drug level concentration-time curves similar to single dose studies, indicating no buildup of drug in tissue depots.


In a steady-state study in diabetic patients receiving Glynase PresTab Tablets 6 mg once daily or Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg twice daily, no difference was seen between the two dosage regimens in average 24-hour glyburide concentrations following two weeks of dosing. The once-daily and twice-daily regimens provided equivalent glucose control as measured by fasting plasma glucose levels, 4-hour postprandial glucose AUC values, and 24-hour glucose AUC values. Insulin AUC response over the 24-hour period was not different for the two regimens. There were differences in insulin response between the regimens for the breakfast and supper 4-hour postprandial periods, but these did not translate into differences in glucose control.


The serum concentration of glyburide in normal subjects decreased with a half-life of about four hours.


In single dose studies in fasting normal subjects who were administered glyburide (MICRONASE Tablets) in doses ranging from 1.25 mg to 5 mg, the degree and duration of blood glucose lowering is proportional to the dose administered and to the area under the drug level concentration-time curve. The blood glucose lowering effect persists for 24 hours following single morning doses in nonfasting diabetic patients. Under conditions of repeated administration in diabetic patients, however, there is no reliable correlation between blood drug levels and fasting blood glucose levels. A one year study of diabetic patients treated with glyburide showed no reliable correlation between administered dose and serum drug level.


The major metabolite of glyburide is the 4-trans-hydroxy derivative. A second metabolite, the 3-cis-hydroxy derivative, also occurs. These metabolites probably contribute no significant hypoglycemic action in humans since they are only weakly active (1/400th and 1/40th as active, respectively, as glyburide) in rabbits.


Glyburide is excreted as metabolites in the bile and urine, approximately 50% by each route. This dual excretory pathway is qualitatively different from that of other sulfonylureas, which are excreted primarily in the urine.


Sulfonylurea drugs are extensively bound to serum proteins. Displacement from protein binding sites by other drugs may lead to enhanced hypoglycemic action. In vitro, the protein binding exhibited by glyburide is predominantly non-ionic, whereas that of other sulfonylureas (chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide) is predominantly ionic. Acidic drugs such as phenylbutazone, warfarin, and salicylates displace the ionic-binding sulfonylureas from serum proteins to a far greater extent than the non-ionic binding glyburide. It has not been shown that this difference in protein binding will result in fewer drug-drug interactions with glyburide in clinical use.



Indications and Usage for Glynase


Glynase PresTab Tablets are indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.



Contraindications


Glynase PresTab Tablets are contraindicated in patients with:


  1. Known hypersensitivity or allergy to the drug.

  2. Diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma. This condition should be treated with insulin.

  3. Type I diabetes mellitus.


SPECIAL WARNING ON INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY


The administration of oral hypoglycemic drugs has been reported to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality as compared to treatment with diet alone or diet plus insulin. This warning is based on the study conducted by the University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP), a long-term prospective clinical trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of glucose-lowering drugs in preventing or delaying vascular complications in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The study involved 823 patients who were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups (Diabetes, 19 (Suppl. 2):747–830, 1970).


UGDP reported that patients treated for 5 to 8 years with diet plus a fixed dose of tolbutamide (1.5 grams per day) had a rate of cardiovascular mortality approximately 2 1/2 times that of patients treated with diet alone. A significant increase in total mortality was not observed, but the use of tolbutamide was discontinued based on the increase in cardiovascular mortality, thus limiting the opportunity for the study to show an increase in overall mortality. Despite controversy regarding the interpretation of these results, the findings of the UGDP study provide an adequate basis for this warning. The patient should be informed of the potential risks and advantages of Glynase PresTab and of alternative modes of therapy.


Although only one drug in the sulfonylurea class (tolbutamide) was included in this study, it is prudent from a safety standpoint to consider that this warning may also apply to other oral hypoglycemic drugs in this class, in view of their close similarities in mode of action and chemical structure.



Precautions



Macrovascular Outcomes


There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with Glynase PresTab or any other anti-diabetic drug.


Bioavailability studies have demonstrated that Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg provide serum glyburide concentrations that are not bioequivalent to those from MICRONASE Tablets 5 mg. Therefore, patients should be retitrated when transferred from MICRONASE or Diabeta® or other oral hypoglycemic agents.



General


Hypoglycemia

All sulfonylureas are capable of producing severe hypoglycemia. Proper patient selection and dosage and instructions are important to avoid hypoglycemic episodes. Renal or hepatic insufficiency may cause elevated drug levels of glyburide and the latter may also diminish gluconeogenic capacity, both of which increase the risk of serious hypoglycemic reactions. Elderly, debilitated or malnourished patients, and those with adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, are particularly susceptible to the hypoglycemic action of glucose-lowering drugs. Hypoglycemia may be difficult to recognize in the elderly and in people who are taking beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Hypoglycemia is more likely to occur when caloric intake is deficient, after severe or prolonged exercise, when alcohol is ingested, or when more than one glucose lowering drug is used. The risk of hypoglycemia may be increased with combination therapy.


Loss of Control of Blood Glucose

When a patient stabilized on any diabetic regimen is exposed to stress such as fever, trauma, infection or surgery, a loss of control may occur. At such times it may be necessary to discontinue Glynase PresTab and administer insulin.


The effectiveness of any hypoglycemic drug, including Glynase PresTab, in lowering blood glucose to a desired level decreases in many patients over a period of time which may be due to progression of the severity of diabetes or to diminished responsiveness to the drug. This phenomenon is known as secondary failure, to distinguish it from primary failure in which the drug is ineffective in an individual patient when Glynase PresTab is first given. Adequate adjustment of dose and adherence to diet should be assessed before classifying a patient as a secondary failure.



Hemolytic Anemia


Treatment of patients with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency with sulfonylurea agents can lead to hemolytic anemia. Because Glynase PresTab belongs to the class of sulfonylurea agents, caution should be used in patients with G6PD deficiency and a non-sulfonylurea alternative should be considered. In post marketing reports, hemolytic anemia has also been reported in patients who did not have known G6PD deficiency.



Information for Patients


Patients should be informed of the potential risks and advantages of Glynase PresTab and of alternative modes of therapy. They also should be informed about the importance of adherence to dietary instructions, of a regular exercise program, and of regular testing of urine and/or blood glucose.


The risks of hypoglycemia, its symptoms and treatment, and conditions that predispose to its development should be explained to patients and responsible family members. Primary and secondary failure also should be explained.



Physician Counseling Information for Patients


In initiating treatment for type 2 diabetes, diet should be emphasized as the primary form of treatment. Caloric restriction and weight loss are essential in the obese diabetic patient. Proper dietary management alone may be effective in controlling the blood glucose and symptoms of hyperglycemia. The importance of regular physical activity should also be stressed, and cardiovascular risk factors should be identified and corrective measures taken where possible. Use of Glynase PresTab or other antidiabetic medications must be viewed by both the physician and patient as a treatment in addition to diet and not as a substitution or as a convenient mechanism for avoiding dietary restraint. Furthermore, loss of blood glucose control on diet alone may be transient, thus requiring only short-term administration of Glynase PresTab or other antidiabetic medications. Maintenance or discontinuation of Glynase PresTabs or other antidiabetic medications should be based on clinical judgment using regular clinical and laboratory evaluations.



Laboratory Tests


Therapeutic response to Glynase PresTab Tablets should be monitored by frequent urine glucose tests and periodic blood glucose tests. Measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin levels may be helpful in some patients.



Drug Interactions


The hypoglycemic action of sulfonylureas may be potentiated by certain drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and other drugs that are highly protein bound, salicylates, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, probenecid, coumarins, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and beta adrenergic blocking agents. When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving glyburide, the patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia. When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving glyburide, the patient should be observed closely for loss of control.


Certain drugs tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of control. These drugs include the thiazides and other diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, thyroid products, estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics, calcium channel blocking drugs, and isoniazid. When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving glyburide, the patient should be closely observed for loss of control. When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving glyburide, the patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.


A possible interaction between glyburide and ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, has been reported, resulting in a potentiation of the hypoglycemic action of glyburide. The mechanism of action for this interaction is not known.


A potential interaction between oral miconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents leading to severe hypoglycemia has been reported. Whether this interaction also occurs with the intravenous, topical or vaginal preparations of miconazole is not known.


Metformin

In a single-dose interaction study in NIDDM subjects, decreases in glyburide AUC and Cmax were observed, but were highly variable. The single-dose nature of this study and the lack of correlation between glyburide blood levels and pharmacodynamic effects, makes the clinical significance of this interaction uncertain. Coadministration of glyburide and metformin did not result in any changes in either metformin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics.



Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility


Studies in rats at doses up to 300 mg/kg/day for 18 months showed no carcinogenic effects. Glyburide is nonmutagenic when studied in the Salmonella microsome test (Ames test) and in the DNA damage/alkaline elution assay.


No drug-related effects were noted in any of the criteria evaluated in the two-year oncogenicity study of glyburide in mice.



Pregnancy


Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy Category B


Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 500 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to glyburide. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.


Because recent information suggests that abnormal blood glucose levels during pregnancy are associated with a higher incidence of congenital abnormalities, many experts recommend that insulin be used during pregnancy to maintain blood glucose as close to normal as possible.


Nonteratogenic Effects

Prolonged severe hypoglycemia (4 to 10 days) has been reported in neonates born to mothers who were receiving a sulfonylurea drug at the time of delivery. This has been reported more frequently with the use of agents with prolonged half-lives. If Glynase PresTab is used during pregnancy, it should be discontinued at least two weeks before the expected delivery date.



Nursing Mothers


Although it is not known whether glyburide is excreted in human milk, some sulfonylurea drugs are known to be excreted in human milk. Because the potential for hypoglycemia in nursing infants may exist, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. If the drug is discontinued, and if diet alone is inadequate for controlling blood glucose, insulin therapy should be considered.



Pediatric Use


Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.



Geriatric Use


Elderly patients are particularly susceptible to the hypoglycemic action of glucose lowering drugs. Hypoglycemia may be difficult to recognize in the elderly (see PRECAUTIONS). The initial and maintenance dosing should be conservative to avoid hypoglycemic reactions (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).


Elderly patients are prone to develop renal insufficiency, which may put them at risk of hypoglycemia. Dose selection should include assessment of renal function.



Adverse Reactions


Hypoglycemia: See PRECAUTIONS and OVERDOSAGE Sections.


Gastrointestinal Reactions: Cholestatic jaundice and hepatitis may occur rarely which may progress to liver failure; Glynase PresTab Tablets should be discontinued if this occurs.


Liver function abnormalities, including isolated transaminase elevations, have been reported.


Gastrointestinal disturbances, eg, nausea, epigastric fullness, and heartburn are the most common reactions, having occurred in 1.8% of treated patients during clinical trials. They tend to be dose related and may disappear when dosage is reduced.


Dermatologic Reactions: Allergic skin reactions, eg, pruritus, erythema, urticaria, and morbilliform or maculopapular eruptions occurred in 1.5% of treated patients during clinical trials. These may be transient and may disappear despite continued use of glyburide. If skin reactions persist, the drug should be discontinued.


Porphyria cutanea tarda and photosensitivity reactions have been reported with sulfonylureas.


Hematologic Reactions: Leukopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia (see PRECAUTIONS), aplastic anemia, and pancytopenia have been reported with sulfonylureas.


Metabolic Reactions: Hepatic porphyria and disulfiram-like reactions have been reported with sulfonylureas; however, hepatic porphyria has not been reported with glyburide and disulfiram-like reactions have been reported very rarely.


Cases of hyponatremia have been reported with glyburide and all other sulfonylureas, most often in patients who are on other medications or have medical conditions known to cause hyponatremia or increase release of antidiuretic hormone. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion has been reported with certain other sulfonylureas, and it has been suggested that these sulfonylureas may augment the peripheral (antidiuretic) action of ADH and/or increase release of ADH.


Other Reactions: Changes in accommodation and/or blurred vision have been reported with glyburide and other sulfonylureas. These are thought to be related to fluctuation in glucose levels.


In addition to dermatologic reactions, allergic reactions such as angioedema, arthralgia, myalgia and vasculitis have been reported.



Overdosage


Overdosage of sulfonylureas, including glyburide, can produce hypoglycemia. Mild hypoglycemic symptoms, without loss of consciousness or neurological findings, should be treated aggressively with oral glucose and adjustments in drug dosage and/or meal patterns. Close monitoring should continue until the physician is assured that the patient is out of danger. Severe hypoglycemic reactions with coma, seizure, or other neurological impairment occur infrequently, but constitute medical emergencies requiring immediate hospitalization. If hypoglycemic coma is diagnosed or suspected, the patient should be given a rapid intravenous injection of concentrated (50%) glucose solution. This should be followed by a continuous infusion of a more dilute (10%) glucose solution at a rate which will maintain the blood glucose at a level above 100 mg/dL. Patients should be closely monitored for a minimum of 24 to 48 hours, since hypoglycemia may recur after apparent clinical recovery.



Glynase Dosage and Administration


Patients should be retitrated when transferred from MICRONASE or Diabeta or other oral hypoglycemic agents.


There is no fixed dosage regimen for the management of diabetes mellitus with Glynase PresTab Tablets or any other hypoglycemic agent. In addition to the usual monitoring of urinary glucose, the patient's blood glucose must also be monitored periodically to determine the minimum effective dose for the patient; to detect primary failure, ie, inadequate lowering of blood glucose at the maximum recommended dose of medication; and to detect secondary failure, ie, loss of adequate blood glucose lowering response after an initial period of effectiveness. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels may also be of value in monitoring the patient's response to therapy.


Short-term administration of Glynase PresTab may be sufficient during periods of transient loss of control in patients usually controlled well on diet.



Usual Starting Dose


The suggested starting dose of Glynase PresTab is 1.5 to 3 mg daily, administered with breakfast or the first main meal. Those patients who may be more sensitive to hypoglycemic drugs should be started at 0.75 mg daily. (See PRECAUTIONS Section for patients at increased risk.) Failure to follow an appropriate dosage regimen may precipitate hypoglycemia. Patients who do not adhere to their prescribed dietary and drug regimen are more prone to exhibit unsatisfactory response to therapy.


Transfer From Other Hypoglycemic Therapy; Patients Receiving Other Oral Antidiabetic Therapy

Patients should be retitrated when transferred from MICRONASE or other oral hypoglycemic agents. The initial daily dose should be 1.5 to 3 mg. When transferring patients from oral hypoglycemic agents other than chlorpropamide to Glynase PresTab, no transition period and no initial or priming dose are necessary. When transferring patients from chlorpropamide, particular care should be exercised during the first two weeks because the prolonged retention of chlorpropamide in the body and subsequent overlapping drug effects may provoke hypoglycemia.


Patients Receiving Insulin

Some Type II diabetic patients being treated with insulin may respond satisfactorily to Glynase PresTab. If the insulin dose is less than 20 units daily, substitution of Glynase PresTab 1.5 to 3 mg as a single daily dose may be tried. If the insulin dose is between 20 and 40 units daily, the patient may be placed directly on Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg daily as a single dose. If the insulin dose is more than 40 units daily, a transition period is required for conversion to Glynase PresTab. In these patients, insulin dosage is decreased by 50% and Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg daily is started. Please refer to Titration to Maintenance Dose for further explanation.



Titration to Maintenance Dose


The usual maintenance dose is in the range of 0.75 to 12 mg daily, which may be given as a single dose or in divided doses (See Dosage Interval Section). Dosage increases should be made in increments of no more than 1.5 mg at weekly intervals based upon the patient's blood glucose response.


No exact dosage relationship exists between Glynase PresTab and the other oral hypoglycemic agents, including MICRONASE or Diabeta. Although patients may be transferred from the maximum dose of other sulfonylureas, the maximum starting dose of 3 mg of Glynase PresTab Tablets should be observed. A maintenance dose of 3 mg of Glynase PresTab Tablets provides approximately the same degree of blood glucose control as 250 to 375 mg chlorpropamide, 250 to 375 mg tolazamide, 5 mg of glyburide (nonmicronized tablets), 500 to 750 mg acetohexamide, or 1000 to 1500 mg tolbutamide.


When transferring patients receiving more than 40 units of insulin daily, they may be started on a daily dose of Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg concomitantly with a 50% reduction in insulin dose. Progressive withdrawal of insulin and increase of Glynase PresTab in increments of 0.75 to 1.5 mg every 2 to 10 days is then carried out. During this conversion period when both insulin and Glynase PresTab are being used, hypoglycemia may rarely occur. During insulin withdrawal, patients should test their urine for glucose and acetone at least three times daily and report results to their physician. The appearance of persistent acetonuria with glycosuria indicates that the patient is a Type I diabetic who requires insulin therapy.



Concomitant Glyburide and Metformin Therapy


Glynase PresTab Tablets should be added gradually to the dosing regimen of patients who have not responded to the maximum dose of metformin monotherapy after four weeks (see Usual Starting Dose and Titration to Maintenance Dose). Refer to metformin package insert.


With concomitant glyburide and metformin therapy, the desired control of blood glucose may be obtained by adjusting the dose of each drug. However, attempts should be made to identify the optimal dose of each drug needed to achieve this goal. With concomitant glyburide and metformin therapy, the risk of hypoglycemia associated with sulfonylurea therapy continues and may be increased. Appropriate precautions should be taken (see PRECAUTIONS Section).



Maximum Dose


Daily doses of more than 12 mg are not recommended.



Dosage Interval


Once-a-day therapy is usually satisfactory. Some patients, particularly those receiving more than 6 mg daily, may have a more satisfactory response with twice-a-day dosage.



Specific Patient Populations


Glynase PresTab Tablets are not recommended for use in pregnancy or for use in pediatric patients.


In elderly patients, debilitated or malnourished patients, and patients with impaired renal or hepatic function, the initial and maintenance dosing should be conservative to avoid hypoglycemic reactions. (See PRECAUTIONS Section.)



How is Glynase Supplied


Glynase PresTab Tablets are supplied as follows:


Glynase PresTab Tablets 1.5 mg

(white, ovoid, imprinted Glynase 1.5/PT Score PT, contour, scored)






Plastic Bottles of 100NDC 0009-0341-01
Unit Dose Package of 100NDC 0009-0341-02

Glynase PresTab Tablets 3 mg

(blue, ovoid, imprinted Glynase 3/PT Score PT, contour, scored)










Plastic Bottles of 100NDC 0009-0352-01
Plastic Bottles of 500NDC 0009-0352-03
Plastic Bottles of 1000NDC 0009-0352-04
Unit Dose Package of 100NDC 0009-0352-02

Glynase PresTab Tablets 6 mg

(yellow, ovoid, imprinted Glynase 6/PT Score PT, contour, scored)






Plastic Bottles of 100NDC 0009-3449-01
Plastic Bottles of 500NDC 0009-3449-03

The PresTab Tablet can be easily divided in half for a more flexible dosing regimen. Press gently on the score and the PresTab Tablet will split in even halves.


Rx only



Store at controlled room temperature 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP]. Dispensed in well closed containers with safety closures. Keep container tightly closed.



Diabeta is a trademark of Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.



LAB-0110-5.0

May 2010



PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 1.5 mg - 100 Tablet Bottle


NDC 0009-0341-01


100 Tablets

Rx only


Glynase® PresTab®

micronized glyburide

tablets


1.5 mg


Pfizer

Distributed by

Pharmacia & Upjohn Co

Division of Pfizer Inc, NY, NY 10017




PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 3 mg - 1000 Tablet Bottle


NDC 0009-0352-04


1000 Tablets

Rx only


Glynase® PresTab®

micronized glyburide

tablets


3 mg


Pfizer

Distributed by

Pharmacia & Upjohn Co

Division of Pfizer Inc, NY, NY 10017




PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 6 mg - 500 Tablet Bottle


NDC 0009-3449-03


500 Tablets

Rx only


Glynase® PresTab®

micronized glyburide

tablets


6 mg


Pfizer

Distributed by

Pharmacia & Upjohn Co

Division of Pfizer Inc, NY, NY 10017










Glynase 
glyburide  tablet










Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)0009-0341
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    








Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
glyburide (glyburide)glyburide1.5 mg












Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
silicon dioxide 
starch, corn 
lactose 
magnesium stearate 


















Product Characteristics
ColorWHITEScore2 pieces
ShapeOVAL (ovoid contoured)Size11mm
FlavorImprint CodeGlynase;1;5;PT
Contains      














Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
10009-0341-01100 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone
20009-0341-02100 TABLET In 1 BLISTER PACKNone










Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
NDANDA02005103/04/1992







Glynase 
glyburide  tablet










Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)0009-0352
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    








Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
glyburide (glyburide)glyburide3 mg
















Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
silicon dioxide 
starch, corn 
lactose 
magnesium stearate 
FD&C Blue No. 1 
Aluminum Oxide 


















Product Characteristics
ColorBLUEScore2 pieces
ShapeOVAL (ovoid contoured)Size11mm
FlavorImprint CodeGlynase;3;PT
Contains      






















Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
10009-0352-01100 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone
20009-0352-03500 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone
30009-0352-041000 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone
40009-0352-02100 TABLET In 1 BLISTER PACKNone










Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
NDANDA02005103/04/1992







Glynase 
glyburide  tablet










Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)0009-3449
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    








Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
glyburide (glyburide)glyburide6 mg
















Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
silicon dioxide 
starch, corn 
lactose 
magnesium stearate 
D&C Yellow No. 10 
Aluminum Oxide 


















Product Characteristics
ColorYELLOWScore2 pieces
ShapeOVAL (ovoid contoured)Size11mm
FlavorImprint CodeGlynase;6;PT
Contains      














Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
10009-3449-01100 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone
20009-3449-03500 TABLET In 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICNone










Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
NDANDA02005103/04/1992


Labeler - Pharmacia and Upjohn Company (829076566)









Establishment
NameAddressID/FEIOperations
Pharmacia and Upjohn Company829076566API MANUFACTURE, MANUFACTURE









Establishment
NameAddressID/FEIOperations
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals LLC193684656MANUFACTURE









Establishment
NameAddressID/FEIOperations
Warner Lambert Company LLC001344506ANALYSIS
Revised: 02/2011Pharmacia and Upjohn Company

More Glynase resources


  • Glynase Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Glynase Dosage
  • Glynase Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Glynase Drug Interactions
  • Glynase Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Glynase - Add your own review/rating


Compare Glynase with other medications


  • Diabetes, Type 2

Wednesday, 18 April 2012

MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula


Generic Name: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (oh MAY ga 3 POL ee un SAT yoo ray ted FAT ee AS ids)

Brand Names: Animi-3, Animi-3 with Vitamin D, Divista, EPA Fish Oil, Fish Oil, Fish Oil Ultra, Icar Prenatal Essential Omega-3, Lovaza, Marine Lipid Concentrate, MaxEPA, MaxiTears Dry Eye Formula, MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula, Mi-Omega NF, Omega-500, Sea-Omega, Sea-Omega 30, TheraTears Nutrition, TherOmega


What is MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)?

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in oil from certain types of fish, vegetables, and other plant sources. These fatty acids are not made by the body and must be consumed in the diet. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids work by lowering the body's production of triglycerides. High levels of triglycerides can lead to coronary artery disease, heart disease, and stroke.


Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are used together with diet and exercise to help lower triglyceride levels in the blood.


Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)?


Take this medication exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take it in larger amounts or for longer than recommended.


Swallow the omega-3 polyunsaturated capsule whole. Do not puncture or open the capsule.

This medication is only part of a complete program of treatment that also includes diet, exercise, and weight control. Follow your diet, medication, and exercise routines very closely.


There may be other drugs that can interact with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.


Stop using this medication and get emergency medical help if you think you have used too much medicine, or if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Less serious side effects are more likely, and you may have none at all. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or is especially bothersome.


What should I discuss with my health care provider before taking MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)?


Do not use this medication if you are allergic to fish or soybeans.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist about using this medicine if you have:



  • diabetes;




  • liver disease;




  • a pancreas disorder;




  • underactive thyroid;




  • if you drink more than 2 alcoholic beverages per day.




FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using this medication. It is not known whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids pass into breast milk or if this could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Do not give this medication to anyone under 18 years old.

How should I take MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)?


Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.


Swallow the omega-3 polyunsaturated capsule whole. Do not puncture or open the capsule. This medication works best if you take it with food.

To be sure this medication is helping your condition, your blood may need to be tested often. Visit your doctor regularly.


This medication is only part of a complete program of treatment that also includes diet, exercise, and weight control. Follow your diet, medication, and exercise routines very closely.


Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Do not freeze.

What happens if I miss a dose?


Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

What should I avoid while taking MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)?


Avoid eating foods that are high in fat or cholesterol. This medication will not be as effective in lowering your triglycerides if you do not follow the diet plan recommended by your doctor.


Avoid drinking alcohol. It can increase triglycerides and may make your condition worse.

MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using this medication and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:

  • fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms;




  • chest pain; or




  • uneven heartbeats.



Less serious side effects may include:



  • back pain;




  • unusual or unpleasant taste in your mouth;




  • upset stomach, belching; or




  • mild skin rash.



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


What other drugs will affect MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)?


Tell your doctor about all other medicines you use, especially:



  • estrogens (birth control pills or hormone replacement);




  • a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven);




  • a beta-blocker such as atenolol (Tenormin, Tenoretic), carvedilol (Coreg), labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate), metoprolol (Dutoprol, Lopressor, Toprol), nadolol (Corgard), propranolol (Inderal, InnoPran), sotalol (Betapace), and others; or




  • a diuretic (water pill) such as chlorothiazide (Diuril), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL, Microzide), chlorthalidone (Hygroton, Thalitone), indapamide (Lozol), metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn), and others.



This list is not complete and other drugs may interact with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.



More MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula resources


  • MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula Side Effects (in more detail)
  • MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula Drug Interactions
  • 0 Reviews for MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula - Add your own review/rating


  • Animi-3 MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Animi-3 with Vitamin D Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Divista Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Divista MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Fish Oil Consumer Overview

  • Lovaza Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Lovaza Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Lovaza MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Mi-Omega NF Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Omacor Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Omacor Consumer Overview

  • Omacor Monograph (AHFS DI)



Compare MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula with other medications


  • ADHD
  • Dietary Supplementation
  • Hypertriglyceridemia


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

See also: MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula side effects (in more detail)